Achtsamkeit in der entwicklungsorientierten Suchtprävention und -therapie: Rational, Design und Ziele des Forschungsverbundes IMAC-Mind
- Dr. phil. Dipl.-Psych. Nicolas Arnaud,
- Prof. Dr. rer nat. Tobias Banaschewski,
- PD Dr. rer. nat. Frauke Nees,
- Dr. phil. Verena Nadine Bucholz,
- Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Michael Klein,
- PD Dr. phil. Olaf Reis,
- Univ.-Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Tanja Legenbauer,
- Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Antonia Zapf,
- Prof. Dr. med. Rainer Thomasius,
- IMAC-Mind-Konsortium
Summary
Mindfulness in Development-oriented Approaches to Substance Use Prevention and Therapy: Rationale, Design and Objectives of the Research Consortium IMAC-Mind
Substance use disorders (SUD) are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. They are typically initiated during adolescence and can have fatal implications for healthy development. Despite substantial scientific advances, there remains a need to prioritize research directed at reducing risks for SUD, particularly in vulnerable periods and populations from a developmental perspective. Research indicates that reward sensitivity, impulsivity, deficient self-regulation, and stress reactivity develop markedly in childhood and adolescence and play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of SUD. A growing number of research results suggest that these factors can be favorably influenced by mindfulness-based interventions and that mindfulness-based exercises can be successfully integrated into established prevention and treatment programs. In this paper we summarize the conceptual relationships between the development and maintenance of addiction disorders and mindfulness, discuss existing empirical findings with regard to childhood and adolescence, and present the aims, study designs and intervention models of the subprojects from the ongoing research network “IMAC-Mind: Improving Mental Health and Reducing Addiction in Childhood and Adolescence through Mindfulness: Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment”.
References
Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., Mathur, P., Nel, W., Rais, A., Sharma, S. (2013). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449-461.
Arnaud, N., Thomasius, R. (2018). Prävention von stoffgebundenen Suchtstörungen. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie. Online: DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000636.
Arnaud, N., Baldus, C., Laurenz, L.J., Bröning, S., Brandt, M., Kunze, S., Austermann, M., Zimmermann, L., Daubmann, A., Thomasius, R., IMAC-Mind Consortium (2020). Does a mindfulness-augmented version of the German Strengthening Families Program reduce substance use in adolescents? Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 21, 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-020-4065-1.
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the early twenties. Oxford: University Press.
Ashe, M. L., Newman, M. G., Wilson, S. J. (2015). Delay discounting and the use of mindful attention versus distraction in the treatment of drug addiction: a conceptual review. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 103, 234-248.
Baldus, C., Mokros, L., Daubmann, A., Arnaud, N., Holtmann, M., Thomasius, R., Legenbauer, T. (2018). Treatment effectiveness of a mindfulness-based inpatient group psychotherapy in adolescent substance use disorder – study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 19, 706, doi:10.1186/s13063-018-3048-y.
Baer, R., Crane, C., Miller, E., Kuyken, W. (2019). Doing no harm in mindfulness-based programs: Conceptual issues and empirical findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 71, 101-114.
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008). Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research. Developmental Psychopathology, 20, 745-774.
Boyce, C. A., Lynne-Landsman, S. D. (2013). Integrating translational neuroscience to improve drug abuse treatment for adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 27, 547-551.
Bögels, S., Hoogstad, B., van Dun, L., de Schutter, S., Restifo, K. (2008). Mindfulness training for adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 193-209.
Black, D. S. (2015). Mindfulness Training for Children and adolescents. In K. Brown, D. Cresswell, R. Ryan (Hrsg.), Handbook of mindfulness: Theory, Research, and Practice (S. 283-310). New York: Guilford Press.
Bukstein, O. G., Bernet, W., Arnold, V., Beitchman, J., Shaw, J, Benson, R. S., Kinlan, J., McClellan, J., Stock, S., Ptakowski, K. K., Work Group on Quality Issues (2005). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 609-21.
Cavicchioli, M., Movalli, M., Maffei, C. (2018). The Clinical Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Treatments for Alcohol and Drugs Use Disorders: A Meta-Analytic Review of Randomized and Nonrandomized Controlled Trials. European Addiction Research, 24, 137-162.
Carver, C. S., Johnson, S. L., Joormann, J. (2008). Serotonergic function, two-mode models of self-regulation, and vulnerability to depression: what depression has in common with impulsive aggression. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 912-943.
Castellanos-Ryan, N., Struve, M., Whelan, R., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Bokde, A. L., Bromberg, U., Büchel, C., Flor, H., Fauth-Bühler, M., Frouin, V., Gallinat, J., Gowland, P., Heinz, A., Lawrence, C., Martinot, J. L., Nees, F., Paus, T., Pausova, Z., Rietschel, M., Robbins, T. W., Smolka, M. N., Schumann, G., Garavan, H., Conrod, P. J. (2014). Neural and cognitive correlates of the common and specific variance across externalizing problems in young adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 1310-1319.
Chan, S. K. C., Zhang, D., Bögels, S. M., Chan, C. S., Lai, K. Y. C., Lo, H. H. M., Yip, N. H. K., Lau, E. N. S., Gao, T. T., Wong, S. Y. S. (2018). Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention (MYmind) for children with ADHD and their parents: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 8, e022514. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022514.
Chiesa A, Serretti A. (2014). Are mindfulness-based interventions effective for substance use disorders? A systematic review of the evidence. Substance Use and Misuse, 49, 492-512.
Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Berrena, E., Bamberger, K. T., Loeschinger, D., Greenberg M. T., Nix, R.L. (2014). The Mindfulness-enhanced Strengthening Families Program: Integrating brief mindfulness activities and parent training within an evidence-based prevention program. New Directions for Youth Development, 142, 45-58.
Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Nix, R. L., Greenberg, M. T., Gayles, J. G., Bamberger, K. T., Berrena, E., Demi, M.A. (2015). Integrating mindfulness with parent training: Effects of the mindfulness-enhanced strengthening families program. Developmental Psychology, 51, 26-35.
Conway, K. P., Swendsen, J., Husky, M. M., He, J. P., Merikangas, K. R. (2016). Association of Lifetime Mental Disorders and Subsequent Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use: Results From the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 55, 280-288.
Crane, R. S., Brewer, J., Feldman, C., Kabat-Zinn, J., Santorelli, S., Williams, J.M., Kuyken, W. (2017). What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft. Psychological Medicine, 47, 990-999.
Creswell, J. D. (2017). Mindfulness Interventions. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 491-516.
Dalgleish, T., Williams, J. M., Golden, A. M., Perkins, N., Barrett, L. F., Barnard, P. J., Yeung, C. A., Murphy, V., Elward, R., Tchanturia, K., Watkins, E. (2007). Reduced specificity of memory and depression: the role of executive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 23-42.
Davidson, L. L., Grigorenko, E. L., Bolvin, M. J., Rapa, E., Stein, A. (2015). A focus on adolescence to reduce neurological, mental health and substance-use disability. Nature, 527, 161-166.
Demarzo, M. M., Montero-Marin, J., Cuijpers, P., Zabaleta-del-Olmo, E., Mahtani, K. R., Vellinga, A., Vicens, C., López-del-Hoyo, Y., García-Campayo, J. (2015). The Efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Primary Care: A Meta-Analytic Review. Annals of Family Medicine, 13, 573-582.
Dunning, D. L., Griffiths, K., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Foulkes, L., Parker, J., Dalgleish, T. (2019). Research Review: The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on cognition and mental health in children and adolescents – a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60, 244-258.
Flook, L., Smalley, S. L., Kitil, M. J., Galla, B. M., Kaiser-Greenland, S., Locke, J., Ishijima, E. Kasari, C. (2010). Effects of mindful awareness practices on executive functions in elementary school children. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 26, 70-95.
Garland, E. L., Froeliger, B., Howard, M. (2014). Mindfulness training targets neurocognitive mechanisms of addiction at the attention-appraisal-emotion interface. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 1-16.
Gore, F. M., Bloem, P. J., Patton, G.C. (2011). Global Burden of Disease in young people aged 10-24 years: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 377, 2093-2102.
Gillespie, N. A., Aggen, S. H., Neale, M. C., Knudsen, G. P., Krueger, R. F., South, S. C., Czajkowski, N., Nesvåg, R., Ystrom, E., Kendler, K. S., Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2018). Associations between personality disorders and cannabis use and cannabis use disorder: a population-based twin study. Addiction, 113, 1488-1498.
Hillemacher, T. (2011). Biological mechanisms in alcohol dependence--new perspectives. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46, 224-230.
Hoch, E., Noack, R., Henker, J., Pixa, A., Hofler, M., Behrendt, S., Buhringer, G., Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Efficacy of a targeted cognitive-behavioral treatment program for cannabis use disorders (CANDIS). European Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 267-280.
Holtmann, M., Buchmann, A. F., Esser, G., Schmidt, M. H., Banaschewski, T., Laucht, M. (2011). The Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile predicts substance use, suicidality, and functional impairment: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 139-147.
Jadhav, K. S., Boutrel, B. (2018). Prefrontal cortex development and emergence of self-regulatory competence: the two cardinal features of adolescence disrupted in context of alcohol abuse. European Journal of Neuroscience, 50, 2274-2281.
Johnson, C., Burke, C., Brinkman, S., Wade, T. (2016). Effectiveness of a school-based mindfulness program for transdiagnostic prevention in young adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 81, 1-11.
Jordan, C. J., Andersen, S. L. (2017). Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence Developmental. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 29-44.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4, 33-47.
Kallapiran, K., Koo, S., Kirubakaran, R., Hancock, K. (2015). Effectiveness of mindfulness in improving mental health symptoms of children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 20, 182-194.
Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., Wittchen, H. U. (2012). Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States. International. Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 21,169-184.
Klein, M., Moesgen, D., Bröning, S., Thomasius, R. (2013). TRAMPOLIN. Kinder aus suchtbelasteten Familien entdecken ihre Stärken: Ein Präventionsmanual. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Klingbeil, D. A., Renshaw, T. L., Willenbrink, J. B., Copek, R. A., Chan, K. T., Haddock, A., Yassine, J., Clifton, J. (2017). Mindfulness-based interventions with youth: A comprehensive meta-analysis of group-design studies. Journal of School Psychology, 63, 77-103.
Kuyken, W., Nuthall, E., Byford, S., Crane, C., Dalgleish, T., Ford, T., Greenberg, M. T., Ukoumunne, O. C., Russell, M. V., Williams, J. M. G., the MYRIAD team (2017). The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a mindfulness training programme in schools compared with normal school provision (MYRIAD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials, 18, 194, doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1917-4.
Kwon, M. S., Vorobyev, V., Moe, D. Parkkola, R., Hämäläinen, H. (2014). Brain structural correlates of risk-taking behavior and effects of peer influences in adolescents. PLOS ONE, 9,e112780. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112780.
Lenz, B., Eichler, A., Schwenke, E., Buchholz, V. N., Hartwig, C., Moll, G. H., Reich, K., Mühle, C., Volz, B., Titzmann, A., Beckmann, M. W., Heinrich, H., Kornhuber, J., Fasching, P. A. (2018). Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction in Pregnancy: an App-Based Programme to Improve the Health of Mothers and Children (MINDFUL/PMI Study). Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkunde, 78,1283-1291.
Maynard, B. R., Solis, M., Miller, V., Brendel, K. E. (2017). Mindfulness-based interventions for improving cognition, academic achievement, behavior and socio-emotional functioning of primary and secondary students. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13, 1-144.
Metz, S. M., Frank, J. L., Reibel, D., Cantrell, T., Sanders, R., Broderick, P. C. (2013). The effectiveness of the learning to BREATHE program on adolescent emotion regulation. Research in Human Development, 10, 252-272.
Moesgen, D., Ise, K., Dyba, J., Klein, M. (2019). Evaluation of the mindfulness-augmented “Trampoline” programme – a German prevention programme for children from substance-involved families tested in a cluster-randomised trial. BMC Public Health 19, 571, doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6875-1.
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 108, 2693-2698.
Mokdad, A. H., Forouzanfar, M. H., Daoud, F., Mokdad, A. A., El Bcheraoui, C., Moradi-Lakeh, M., et al. (2016). Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people‘s health during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 387, 2383-2401.
Molgaard, V., Spoth, R. (2001). The Strengthening Families Program for young adolescents: Overview and outcomes. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 18, 15-29.
Nees, F., Tzschoppe, J., Patrick, C. J., Vollstädt-Klein, S., Steiner, S., Poustka, L., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Büchel, C., Conrod, P. J., Garavan, H., Heinz, A., Gallinat, J., Lathrop, M., Mann, K., Artiges, E., Paus, T., Poline, J.-B., Robbins, T. W., Rietschel, M., Smolka, M. N., Spanagel, R., Struve, M., Loth, E., Schumann, G., Flor, H., the IMAGEN consortium (2012). Determinants of early alcohol use in healthy adolescents: the differential contribution of neuroimaging and psychological factors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 986-995.
Onrust, S. A., Otten, R., Lammers, J., Smit, F. (2016). School-based programmes to reduce and prevent substance use in different age groups: What works for whom? Systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 44, 45-59.
Pabst, A., Kraus, L., Gomes de Matos, E., Piontek, D. (2013). Substanzkonsum und substanzbezogene Störungen in Deutschland im Jahr 2012. Sucht, 59, 321-331.
Perry-Parrish, C., Copeland-Linder, N., Webb, L., Shields, A. H., Sibinga, E. M. (2016). Improving self-regulation in adolescents: current evidence for the role of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 7, 101-108.
Potenza, M. N., Sofuoglu, M., Carroll, K. M., Rounsaville, B. J. (2011). Neuroscience of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for addictions. Neuron, 69, 695-712.
Priddy, S. E., Howard, M. O., Hanley, A. W., Riquino, M. R., Friberg-Felsted, K., Garland, E. L. (2018). Mindfulness meditation in the treatment of substance use disorders and preventing future relapse: neurocognitive mechanisms and clinical implications. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 9, 103-114.
Resch, F., Parzer, P. (2014). Wie wichtig ist die Entwicklungspsychopathologie für die Psychotherapie bei Jugendlichen? Psychotherapeut, 59, 100-108.
Reis, O. (2016). Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren der Suchtentwicklung, entwicklungsdynamische Aspekte. In A. Batra, O. Bilke-Hentsch (Hrsg.), Praxisbuch Sucht (2. überarb. Aufl.) (S. 24-29). Stuttgart: Thieme.
Reis, O., Wetzel, B., Häßler, F. (2017). Mild or borderline intellectual disability as a risk for alcohol consumption in adolescents: A matched-pair study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 63, 132-141.
Rutherford, H. J., Mayes, L. C., Potenza, M. N. (2010). Neurobiology of adolescent substance use disorders: Implications for prevention and treatment. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19, 479-492.
Sanger, K. L., Dorjee, D. (2015). Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15, 696-711.
Schneider, S., Peters, J., Bromberg, U., Brassen, S., Miedl, S. F., Banaschewski, T., Barker, G. J., Conrod, P., Flor, H., Garavan, H., Heinz, A., Ittermann, B., Lathrop, M., Loth, E., Mann, K., Martinot, J. L., Nees, F., Paus, T., Rieschel, M., Robbins, T. W., Smolka, M. N., Spanagel, R., Ströhler, A., Struve, M., Schumann, G., Büchel, C., the IMAGEN Consortium (2012). Risk taking and the adolescent reward system: a potential common link to substance abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 39-46.
Sowell, E., Peterson, B., Thompson, P., Welcome, S., Henkenius, A., Toqa, A. (2003). Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 309-315.
Siebelink, N. M., Bögels, S. M., Boerboom, L. M., de Waal, N., Buitelaar, J. K., Speckens, A. E., Greven, C. U. (2018). Mindfulness for children with ADHD and Mindful Parenting (MindChamp): Protocol of a randomised controlled trial comparing a family Mindfulness-Based Intervention as an add-on to care-as-usual with care-as-usual only. BMC Psychiatry, 18, 237.
Siegmann, E.-M., Bouna-Pyrrou, P., Lenz, B., Kornhuber, J. (2019). Digit ratio (2D: 4D) in relation to substance and computer use: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neural Transmission, 126, 623-636.
Stanis, J. J., Anderson, S. L. (2014). Reducing substance use during adolescence: a translational framework for prevention. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 231, 1437-1453.
Stephens, R. S., Curtin, L., Simpson, E. E., Roffman, R. A. (1994). Testing the abstinence violation effect construct with marijuana cessation. Addictive Behaviors, 19, 23-32.
Stockings, E., Hall, W. D., Lynskey, M., Morley, K. I., Reavley, N., Strang, J., Patton, G., Degenhardt, L. (2016). Prevention, early intervention, harm reduction, and treatment of substance use in young people. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 280-296.
Tang, Y. Y., Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., Volkow, N. D. (2015). Circuitry of self-control and its role in reducing addiction. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19, 439-444.
Tang, Y. Y., Tang, R., Posner, M. (2016). Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, 13-18.
Thomasius, R., Aden, A., Arnaud, N. (2015), Sucht: Substanzmissbrauch und nichtstoffgebundene Abhängigkeitserkrankungen. In G. Lehmkuhl, F. Resch, S. C. Herpertz (Hrsg.), Psychotherapie des jungen Erwachsenenalters: Basiswissen für die Praxis und störungsspezifisches Behandlungsansätze (S. 280-301). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Weinstein, A. M., Miller, H., Blustein, I., Rapoport, E., Schreiber, S., Bar-Hamburger, R., Bloch, M. (2014). Treatment of cannabis dependence using escitalopram in combination with cognitive-behavior therapy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The American Journal of Drugs and Alcohol Abuse, 40, 16-22.
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., Burstein, R., Murray, C. J., Vos, T. (2013). Global Burden of Disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 382, 1575-1586.
Winters, K. C., Martin, C. S., Chung, T. (2011). Commentary on O’Brian: Substance use disorders in DSM-5 when applied to adolescents. Addiction Journal, 106, 882-897.
Wittchen, H. U., Behrendt, S., Höfler, M. (2008). What are the high risk periods for incident substance use and transitions to abuse and dependence? Implications for early intervention and prevention. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 17, 16-29.
World Health Organization (2019). World Drug Report 2019. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.19.XI.8.
Zelazo, P. D., Lyons, K. E. (2012). The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: a developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 154-160.
Zenner, C., Herrnleben-Kurz, S., Walach, H. (2014). Mindfulness-based interventions in schools – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 603, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00603.
Zoogman, S., Goldberg, S., Hoyt, W., Miller, L. (2015). Mindfulness interventions with youth: A meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 6, 290-302.
